5 Sep 2026, Sat

Waller Cut September Hike Odds. One CPI Could Undo It.

September 4, 2026

How one Fed governor moved a meeting that futures had called, and what to watch before Sept. 11.


Markets had a verdict on September 16. Then Christopher Waller opened his mouth.

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Waller’s remarks Thursday represented a notably more data-conditional tone than the hawkish framing delivered by Fed Chair Kevin Warsh at Jackson Hole on August 28, where Warsh signaled higher rates may be needed if underlying inflation fails to clearly improve. That speech had pushed market-implied odds of a September hike to roughly 58% from around 35%.

The groundwork for that hawkish baseline was laid weeks earlier, when the FOMC’s July meeting produced an unusually fractured result. how the 9-3 FOMC dissent made September a live meeting explains why three governors voting against the hold was the signal that shifted market pricing long before Warsh ever took the Jackson Hole stage — context that makes Waller’s conditional tone on Thursday all the more significant.

It wasn’t. Coming into Thursday, fed funds futures-based tools were showing markets leaning toward a hike. After Waller’s remarks, the September decision moved closer to a coin flip. Two-year Treasury yields fell about 6 basis points on the day, and the 10-year followed, dropping to roughly 4.75% from about 4.79%, with equities moving with it.

That is the lesson sitting right on the surface of today’s session: a meeting that futures had already priced was repriced in minutes by a single prepared statement from a governor who holds one vote. Disciplined traders know this pattern. The market’s conviction about the Fed is almost always overstated ahead of new information, and the gap between where futures price certainty and where uncertainty actually lives is where the real risk hides.

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Waller said his decision will be “heavily influenced” by what the August inflation data reveals, adding that if there is continued progress toward the 2% goal, he is “willing to support holding the policy rate at its current level.” He noted that policy is currently “only slightly restricting aggregate demand,” and that “it may not take much acceleration in inflation to nudge me into supporting tighter policy.” The door to a hike is not closed. It is just conditionally open.

Waller also flagged a pending Commerce Department methodology change for estimating financial-services fees, which he expects could lower 12-month PCE inflation by “a few tenths of a percentage point.” He noted that nonmarket services prices, which are imputed rather than directly observed, accounted for approximately half of the increase in core prices in the latest PCE report, making underlying inflation look worse than he believes it actually is. That argument gave the bond market something to work with beyond the headline remarks.

The ISM Services reading that crossed the tape at 10 a.m. added texture. The Services PMI registered 55.4%, up 1.3 percentage points from July’s figure of 54.1%. A stronger services sector complicates the disinflation case: the Business Activity Index rose 2.6 percentage points to 61.7%. The economy is not breaking, which gives the hawks a counterargument to carry into next week.

The services resilience visible in today’s ISM print sits alongside a labor market that has been sending its own mixed signals. what the August jobs data actually revealed beneath the headline unemployment rate breaks down why the headline figure obscured a sharper deterioration in net job creation — a divergence that hawks and doves on the FOMC are still interpreting differently heading into September 11.

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The more consequential release is August CPI, scheduled for Thursday, September 11, one week before the FOMC announcement. Waller explicitly tied his September lean to that August inflation window: continued disinflation progress supports a hold, while a hot number could flip him toward a hike.

TLT and rate-sensitive technology stocks could respond favorably to a softer rate outlook. But the trade works in reverse. A hotter-than-expected August inflation report could send Treasury yields higher again and put pressure on the same groups that benefited from Waller’s comments today. Traders long duration into September 11 are not holding a position on the economy. They are holding a position on one CPI print.

That is the enduring lesson here. When futures already price high conviction and a single data point can overturn the entire thesis, position sizing matters more than the directional bet. Waller reminded traders today that the Fed is not monolithic and that the market’s habit of treating a 60% probability as a near-certainty is its own form of risk. Clarity arrives September 11. Until then, the only honest answer is that September 16 is genuinely open.

Navigating the stretch between now and that CPI print requires more than a directional view — it demands a framework for sizing risk when a single release can reprice the entire rate path. a trading framework for the data-heavy week leading into the September FOMC decision walks through how a benchmark labor-market revision shifted the bear case just days before the meeting, offering a practical lens for the same kind of positioning discipline Waller’s remarks made urgent again today.